Herbert Spencer, English social philosopher, 1870.

UNITED KINGDOM - SEPTEMBER 09: Photogravure c 1910, after a photograph taken by Elliott & Fry in 1870, of Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), social philosopher, and one of the first English sociologists. In 1850 Spencer published �Social Statics�, which stressed the importance of individual freedom and the inevitability of progress. He was also an advocate of social Darwinism, which applied Charles Darwin's (1809-1882) theory of the survival of the fittest to human society. From a collection of portraits published by Photographische Gesellschaft, Berlin, c 1910. (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images)