Tolui Khan with his wife Sorghaghtani.

Tolui Khan with his wife Sorghaghtani. From Rashid al-Din, Jami al-Tawarikh, early 14th century. Tolui, also rendered Toluy, Tului or Tolui Khan (1192-1232) was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Borte. His ulus, or territorial inheritance, at his father's death in 1227 was the homelands in Mongolia, and it was he who served as civil administrator in the time it took to confirm Ogodei as second Khagan of the Mongol Empire (1206-1368). Before that, he had served with distinction in the campaigns against the Jin Dynasty, the Xi Xia and the Khwarezmid Empire, where he was instrumental in the capture and massacre at Merv and Nishapur. He is a direct ancestor of most of the Emperors of Mongolia. (Photo by: Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)